HoTnoodLe12's Xanga

Friday, November 05, 2004

Fri, 05 Nov 2004 17:27:22 GMT

Sarah Vanduyn

11/4/05

5^th/science

Element report

SULFUR

NAME: SULFUR

HISTORY OF NAME: CAME FROM THE SANSKRIT WORD SURVERE, SULURIUM, MEANING SULFUR.

WHEN IT WAS DISCOVED AND BY WHOM: IT HAS BEEN AROUND SINCE ANCHIENT TIMES.

USES: ITS USED FOR MATCHES GUN POWDER ANND MEDACINE.

COMMON COMPOUNDS: CARBON DISULFIDE AND GUNPOWDER.

WHERE IS IT FOUND: ITS FOUND IN UNDERGROUND SALT DOMES AND IN NATURAL GAS AND CRUDE OIL.

ATOMIC WEIGHT: 32.06

ATOMIC MASS: 32.066 AMU

ATOMIC NUMBER: 16

NUMBER OF PROTON, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS: 16

Other information:

Sulfur is widely dispersed in nature. It is found in many minerals and ores, e.g., iron pyrites, galena, cinnabar, zinc blende, gypsum, barite, and epsom salts and in mineral springs and other waters. It is found uncombined in some volcanic regions and in large underground deposits in Sicily and in Texas and Louisiana. Sulfur sometimes is made with coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Sulfur is found in meteorites, and deposits of it may be present near the lunar crater Aristarchus. The distinctive colors of Jupiter's moon Io are believed to result from forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur. Sulfur is a component of all living cells. The amino acids cysteine, methionine, homocysteine, and taurine contain sulfur as do some common enzymes; it is a component of most proteins. Some forms of bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in place of water in a rudimentary photosynthesislike process. Sulfur is absorbed by plants from soil as sulfate ions.

Sulfur is produced chiefly by the Frasch process, although it is also produced by the Sicilian method and by other methods. In the Sicilian method the sulfur-bearing ores are piled in a mound and ignited. The heat produced by the burning melts some of the sulfur, which is collected and cast. This sulfur is impure and is usually purified by sublimation. Sulfur is also recovered from natural gas, coal, crude oil, and other sources, e.g., the flue dusts and gases from the refining of metal sulfide ores. Elemental sulfur is obtained in several forms, including flowers of sulfur, a fine crystalline powder, and roll sulfur (cast cakes or sticks). Elemental sulfur is used in black gunpowder, matches, and fireworks; in the vulcanization of rubber; as a fungicide, insecticide, and fumigant; in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers; and in the treatment of certain skin diseases. The principal use of sulfur, however, is in the preparation of its compounds. The most important sulfur compound is sulfuric acid. Other important compounds include sulfur dioxide, used as a bleaching agent, disinfectant, and refrigerant; sodium bisulfite, used in paper manufacture; carbon disulfide, an important organic solvent; hydrogen sulfide, sulfur trioxide, and thionyl chloride, used as reagents in chemistry; Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate), used as a laxative, bath additive, exfoliant, and magnesium supplement in plant nutrition; the numerous other sulfate compounds; and sulfa drugs.

Sulfur is very useful and needed in the world.

Friday, November 05, 2004

Fri, 05 Nov 2004 05:08:25 GMT

Sulphur	16 S 32.065(5)

The essentials

Name: sulphur
Symbol: S
Atomic number: 16
Atomic weight: 32.065 (5) g r
CAS Registry ID: 7704-34-9

Group number: 16
Group name: Chalcogen
Period number: 3
Block: p-block

Description

Here is a brief description of sulphur.

Standard state: solid at 298 K
Colour: lemon yellow
Classification: Non-metallic
Availability:

The spelling of sulphur is "sulfur" in the USA and now that IUPAC has decided it has jurisdiction over the British English language (as distinct from American English) as well as nomenclature, so we in the UK are expected to use the f word.

Sulphur is found in meteorites, volcanoes, hot springs, and as galena, gypsum, Epsom salts, and barite. It is recovered commercially from "salt domes" along the Gulf Coast of the USA. Jupiter's moon Io owes its colours to various forms of sulphur. A dark area near the crater Aristarchus on the moon may be a sulphur deposit.

The picture above shows the result from burning a mixture of zinc metal powder and sulphur. Do not attempt this reaction unless are a professionally qualified chemist and you have carried out a legally satisfactory hazard assessment.

Sulphur is a pale yellow, odourless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulphide. Sulphur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals.

Carbon disulphide, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur dioxide should be handled extremely carefully. Hydrogen sulphide in very small concentrations can be metabolized, but in higher concentrations it can cause death quickly by respiratory paralysis. It is insidious in that it quickly deadens the sense of smell. Sulphur dioxide is a dangerous component in atmospheric air pollution and is one of the factors responsible for acid rain.

Isolation

Here is a brief summary of the isolation of sulphur.

It is not normally necessary to make sulphur in the laboratory as it is so readily available. It is found as the native element in nature and extracted by the Frasch process. This is an interesting process since it means that sulphur can be extracted from underground without mining it. In the Frasch process underground deposits of sulphur are forced to the surface using superheated water and steam (160°C, 16 atmospheres, to melt the sulphur) and compressed air (25 atmospheres). This gives molten sulphur which is allowed to cool in large basins. Purity can reach 99.5%.

The process in energy intensive. Commercial success for this operation depends upon suitable geological conditions as well as access to cheap water and energy.

Hydrogen sulphide, H₂S, is an important impurrity in natural gas which must be removed before the gas is used. This is done by an absorption and regeneration process to concentrate the H₂S, followed by a catalytic oxidation (Claus process) using porous catalysts such as Al₂O₃ or Fe₂O₃.

8H₂S + 4O₂ S₈ + 8H₂O

Over the years the Claus process has been improved and a modified process can yield 98% recovery.

In the laboratory, sulphur can be purified by recrystallisation from solutions in carbon disulphide, CS₂. However the resulting crystals are contaminated with solvent, H₂S, and SO₂. One good way to purify sulphur is to use a quartz heater (700°C) immersed in liquid sulphur. Carbon impurities decompose to form volatile materials of solid carbon, which coat the heater. After a week or so, finishing with a distillation under vacuum, the result is sulphur with a carbon content of about 0.0009%.

Sulphur	16 S 32.065(5)

Chemical reactions of the elements

Reaction of sulphur with air

Sulphur burns in air to form the gaseous dioxide sulphur(IV) oxide, SO₂.

S₈(s) + 8O₂(g) 8SO₂(s)

Reaction of sulphur with water

Sulphur does not react with water under normal conditions.

Reaction of sulphur with the halogens

Sulphur racts with all the halogens upon heating. Molten sulphur reacts with molten sulphur to form disulphur dichloride, S₂Cl₂. This apparently smells dreadfully. With excess chlorine and in the presence of a catalyst, such as FeCl₃, Snl₄, etc., it is possible to make a mixture containing an equilibrium mixture of red sulphur(II) chloride, SCl₂, and disulphur dichloride, S₂Cl₂

S₈ + 4Cl₂ 4S₂Cl₂(l) [orange]

S₂Cl₂(l) + Cl₂ 2SCl₂(l) [dark red]

Reaction of sulphur with acids

Sulphur does not react with dilute non-oxidizing acids.

Reaction of sulphur with bases

Sulphur reacts with hot aqueous potassium hydroxide, KOH, to form sulphide and thiosulphate species.

S₈(s) + 6KOH(aq) 2K₂S₃ + K₂S₂O₃ + 3H₂O(l)

Thursday, November 04, 2004

Thu, 04 Nov 2004 17:23:38 GMT

Monday, October 11, 2004

Mon, 11 Oct 2004 16:05:09 GMT

g0 t0 my new xanga name. :::::::::: XOXODARLIN11

Sunday, October 10, 2004

Sun, 10 Oct 2004 16:22:39 GMT

wow. i feel like this >> << after last night. cuz it was amazing and we gotta do that again chris. <3 lolz. yeahh i snuck out of my house last night at like 3:00 and i went over to chris's place and got home at like 5:30 and the fuckin scarey thing was that when i got home my dad was awake and thank the lord jesus he was in the bathroom which game me time to look tired and get my pj's on and go over to the bathroom and i was like why are you up so early? and he was like i dont know im excited (cuz he's going to japan for a month) and i was like ok i need to go to the bathroom. phewww i cant belive he didnt see me come up the ali way or something because when he was in the bathroom, the window was open so you could have easily saw me. wow im lucky. i had so much fun last night chris. i love you. aiight im out i think im going to spend most my day with chris hopefully if i can. <333 saraH xoxo

Sunday, October 10, 2004

Sun, 10 Oct 2004 04:59:09 GMT

haha so i went to a movie with lets see.. me, my boyfriend chris of course, jason, geoff, and mike and there was hella people from our school there like a whole room full. it was pretty damn funny and i had fun. friggen jason stabbed me in the legg on accident though haha but it didnt hurt it just scared me. aiight thats all im going to say for tonight.. aiight im out love you chris <333 sarah

these are for chris <333 :::

wow i didnt know i could say i love you in so many different ways <333333333 xoxo

Saturday, October 09, 2004

Sat, 09 Oct 2004 20:25:27 GMT

i <3 this song haha sweet home alabama yall haha <3

Saturday, October 09, 2004

Sat, 09 Oct 2004 18:00:56 GMT

hey guys whatcha all up taa? nothing much here honestly im friggen bored yeahh but my little brother wants to go skating so i have to go with him and watch him.. i dont really care but its kinda uhmm 5th grade-ish to go to the skating rink yeahh but oh well im feelin kidish with my lil bro today haha and then we might go to a movie tonight. hopefully i'll have time to hang out with my boy chris but if not we have all day tomorrow so yesterday was cool. i went over to chris's place at about 12 and then me him and mike went down to catch the bus and we finally caught it to burien and then we had time to spare so we went to burger king and i got some fries and preston and his friend robert was there so i talked a lil with him and then we caught the next bus to south center and got dropped off at the mall and ran all the way down to the cinema and we were like 15 min late but thats ok. then we finally got picked up and we went back to his house to do uhmm haha "stuff" and then i finally walked home with chris at about 9:00 and yeahh my parents thot i was at "samanthas" haha but yeahh and so im home alone being bored today and yeahh i already told ya what i was going to do later. aiight im out <333 saiR i love you chris <33

Friday, October 08, 2004

Fri, 08 Oct 2004 16:27:00 GMT

hey so yeahh uhm my volleyball game went good. we won. so thats cool. im glad my boy showed up but it made me a lil nervous but thats aiight lolz. so yeahh last night was fun and then me and chris were talking about sneeking out and how we would meet on the written flag on the road..and so i showed up.. he didn;t....... so i went to his house and tryed to wake him up cuz yeahh that dood fell asleep. haha i couldnt wake him up though cuz the tv was on and he was sleeping so i was like greaaat and i went home.. yup. thats ok though.. i guess so today me and chris are going to ride the bus to south center and go see a movie with some friends. yup should be mighty fun haha. i think im leaving my little brother home alone though but i dont care.. the lil dood can take care of himself. yeahh i cant wait so im going to go take a shower and get ready. aiight talk to yall later <33 saiR xoxo

Thursday, October 07, 2004

Thu, 07 Oct 2004 15:38:01 GMT

eyy haha whats up im always writing in here in my 3rd period like always because im bored and theres like 20 computers in here and so yeahh im bored so im writing in here like always. well lets see... *sigh* today i have a game at 5:45 (YOU BETTAH BE THERE) haha it shud be a kick ass game. yeahh and after school i have to go take pictures of FCCLA for yearbook and shit dood im scared theyre going to be shitty pictures and people will be like who the fukk took those?? lolz haha oh well i dont really care. aww im so happy with my boy chris lolz. last night he walked by my house and i ran out there in my pajamas to kiss him haha i love that kiddddd haha chris--dont worry i call everybody kids. even older people haha. so yeahh hopefully myne and chris's plans for tomorrow works out. the fag thing is i friggen still got v-ball practice even though we dont have school tomorrow but yeahh its hella early in the morning.. its from 8-9:30 so i should be back at my house just about the time when chris gets up lolz and hopefully i'll be able to go to the forgotten with ya chris but haha i'll prolly scream and get scared again lolz. oh well. dang im hella bored... im gunna think of something to talk about...................................... aiight nothings coming to my mind on what to talk about haah so im out <333 saraH